A comprehensive A–Z guide to menstrual health terminology, reproductive anatomy, menstrual cycles, pelvic health, and period products in British English.

A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · K · L · M · O · P · R · S · T · U · V · W · Y · Z

A

Abdominal Cramps

Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen that often occurs during menstruation.

These cramps are caused by uterine contractions triggered by prostaglandins. They can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by back pain, nausea, or fatigue. Severe cramps can indicate underlying conditions such as endometriosis or adenomyosis.

See our natural remedies for period pain, yoga poses to alleviate period pain, and browse our pain relief products.

Adenomyosis

A condition in which the uterine lining grows into the muscular wall of the uterus.

This can cause an enlarged uterus, heavy periods, and painful cramps. Symptoms often include prolonged bleeding, pelvic pain and discomfort during sexual activity. Adenomyosis commonly occurs in people in their 30s or 40s and may improve after the menopause. Read more about natural remedies for period pain and understanding heavy period bleeding.

Amenorrhoea

The absence of menstrual periods.

Primary amenorrhoea occurs when periods have not started by around age 15, while secondary amenorrhoea occurs when periods stop for three months or more after previously occurring. Causes include hormonal imbalances, stress, excessive exercise, or medical conditions.

Learn more in our comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle.

Anovulatory Cycle

A menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur.

Even without ovulation, hormonal changes may still cause the uterine lining to shed, producing bleeding that resembles a period. Anovulatory cycles are common during puberty, perimenopause and times of stress or illness.

Read more about the menstrual cycle and the ovulatory phase.

Applicator Tampon

A tampon that is inserted using a plastic or cardboard applicator.

The applicator guides the tampon into the vagina for easier insertion. Tampons without applicators are inserted using a finger. Both types require regular changing to maintain hygiene and prevent irritation.

Read about toxic metals found in tampons. For a reusable alternative, see our range of menstrual cups and menstrual discs.

Asherman's Syndrome

A condition in which scar tissue (adhesions) forms inside the uterus or cervical canal.

Asherman's Syndrome most commonly develops after uterine surgery such as a dilation and curettage (D&C). Symptoms may include light or absent periods, pelvic pain, and difficulty conceiving. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of adhesions and hormone therapy to support uterine lining regrowth.

Read How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? for guidance on what is considered normal flow.

B

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

A common vaginal condition caused by an imbalance in the natural bacteria that live in the vagina.

BV occurs when the balance between protective Lactobacillus bacteria and other naturally occurring bacteria is disrupted, leading to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. It is the most common cause of unusual vaginal discharge in people of reproductive age. Symptoms may include a thin, greyish-white discharge and a strong, fishy odour, particularly after sexual activity. BV is not a sexually transmitted infection, though sexual activity can be a contributing factor. It is treated with antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional. Using a pH-balanced vulvar wash and avoiding douching can help support a healthy vaginal environment.

Read our blog: Vaginal Discharge: What's Normal and How it Changes? and Is Douching Healthy for Your Vagina?

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

The body's resting temperature which is measured immediately after waking.

Tracking BBT helps identify ovulation patterns, as body temperature slightly rises after ovulation due to progesterone. It is often used in fertility awareness and natural family planning.

Our free printable period tracker can help you record BBT alongside your cycle data. You may also find our guide to period tracker apps helpful.

Breakthrough Bleeding

Light bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods.

Common causes include hormonal contraception, irregular ovulation, stress, or hormonal fluctuations. A healthcare professional should evaluate persistent breakthrough bleeding.

See also: What is Spotting? and What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean?

C

Cervical Mucus

Fluid produced by the cervix that changes consistency throughout the menstrual cycle.

Around ovulation, it becomes clearer, stretchier, and more slippery to help sperm travel toward the egg. Cervical mucus can be used to track fertility.

Our free period tracker includes space to record cervical mucus observations. Read more in our comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle.

Cervical Position

The location of the cervix within the vaginal canal.

During the cycle, the cervix moves higher or lower and changes in firmness. These shifts can influence the comfort and effectiveness of internal menstrual products. Read our guide on how to find out if you have a high or low cervix to help choose the right menstrual cup or disc for your anatomy.

See also: best menstrual cups for a high cervix and best menstrual cups for a low cervix.

Cervix

The lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

It produces cervical mucus, which changes throughout the cycle to aid fertility. Cervical position, firmness and openness shift during the cycle and can affect menstrual product fit.

Read our guide on cervical positions when choosing menstrual cups or discs. See also: Self-Collected Cervical Screening: Everything You Need to Know.

Cervix Height

The distance from the vaginal opening to the cervix.

Cervix height varies between individuals and throughout the menstrual cycle. A low cervix sits closer to the vaginal opening, while a high cervix is further up. Knowing cervix height helps select the most comfortable menstrual cup or disc.

Read our blog: Cervical Positions: How to Find Out if You Have a High or Low Cervix. See also: best cups for a high cervix and best cups for a low cervix.

Clitoris

A small, highly sensitive erectile structure located at the top of the vulva, where the labia minora meet.

The clitoris plays a central role in sexual pleasure. While only a small portion is externally visible — the glans clitoris — the full structure extends internally and is much larger than commonly understood, with two crura (legs) and two vestibular bulbs that surround parts of the vaginal canal. The clitoris contains thousands of nerve endings and becomes engorged with blood during arousal. Conditions such as lichen sclerosus, vulvodynia, or hormonal changes during menopause can affect clitoral sensitivity and comfort.

Read more about the external anatomy in our blog: Is My Vagina Normal? Myths, Facts & Essential Info and our Guide to the Female Anatomy.

Cloth Pad

A reusable, washable menstrual pad made from fabric, designed to be worn inside underwear to absorb menstrual blood.

Cloth pads are an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to disposable sanitary pads. They come in a range of sizes, absorbencies, and fabrics to suit different flow levels and personal preferences. After use, they are rinsed in cold water, washed, and dried for reuse. Most cloth pads fasten around the gusset of underwear with press studs. Properly cared for, cloth pads can last for several years. At the end of their life, cotton cloth pads can be composted.

Browse our cloth pads and liners. Read also: How to Dispose of Cloth Pads and our guide to travelling with reusable period care products.

Clots (Menstrual Clots)

Small clumps of coagulated blood that pass during heavier flow.

Clots are common, especially in the first days of menstruation. Larger or persistent clots may indicate hormonal imbalances, fibroids or other medical conditions.

Read What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean? and How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? for more information.

Colposcopy

A diagnostic procedure used to closely examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of abnormal cells.

A colposcopy is typically recommended when a cervical screening test returns an abnormal result. During the procedure, a healthcare professional uses a colposcope — a magnifying instrument — to inspect the cervix in detail. A small tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken for laboratory analysis. The procedure is usually performed in a clinic and takes around 15–30 minutes. It is important for detecting precancerous changes early.

Read our blog: Self-Collected Cervical Screening: Everything You Need to Know.

Contraception

Methods used to prevent pregnancy, which may be hormonal, non-hormonal, barrier-based, or permanent.

Hormonal methods such as the pill, hormonal IUD, implant, and injection work by altering hormone levels to prevent ovulation or implantation. Non-hormonal methods include the copper IUD, condoms, and fertility awareness methods. Contraception can significantly affect the menstrual cycle — some methods lighten or stop periods altogether, while others such as the copper IUD may cause heavier bleeding. Choosing the right method is a personal decision best made in consultation with a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: A Guide to Contraception Options in Australia.

Corpus Luteum

A temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation from the remains of the follicle that released the egg.

The corpus luteum produces progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen during the luteal phase to prepare the uterine lining for potential implantation. If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates after approximately 12–14 days, causing progesterone levels to drop and triggering menstruation. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) produced by the developing embryo, continuing to support the uterine lining until the placenta takes over.

Read more in our blog: The Luteal Phase: Balancing Preparation & Self-Care and our comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle.

Cycle Length

The number of days from the first day of one period to the first day of the next.

A typical cycle lasts 21–35 days. Variation often occurs in the follicular phase, while the luteal phase is usually 12–14 days. Understanding cycle length can help track ovulation and menstrual health.

Download our free printable period tracker to monitor your cycle, or explore our guide to period tracker apps.

Cycle Syncing

The practice of aligning lifestyle choices — such as nutrition, exercise, work habits, and social activities — with the different phases of the menstrual cycle.

The idea behind cycle syncing is that hormonal fluctuations throughout the cycle influence energy levels, mood, cognitive function, and physical capacity. By understanding each phase — menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal — and adapting accordingly, some people find they can optimise their wellbeing and productivity. While research in this area is growing, individual experience varies significantly.

Read our phase guides: The Menstrual Phase · The Follicular Phase · The Ovulatory Phase · The Luteal Phase. Use our free period tracker to identify your phases.

Cystocele (Bladder Prolapse)

A type of pelvic organ prolapse in which the bladder bulges into or through the front wall of the vagina.

A cystocele develops when the muscles and connective tissue supporting the bladder weaken, often as a result of childbirth, menopause-related oestrogen decline, or chronic straining. Symptoms may include a feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvis, urinary leakage, difficulty emptying the bladder fully, and discomfort during sexual activity or when using internal menstrual products. Treatment options range from pelvic floor exercises and pessary use to surgical repair depending on severity.

Read our blog: Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Symptoms and Treatments. Browse our prolapse sponges and kegel trainers.

D

Vaginal Dilator

A cylindrical device used to gently stretch the vaginal opening and canal, helping to reduce pain, tension, and anxiety associated with vaginal penetration.

Dilators are typically used as part of treatment for conditions such as vaginismus, dyspareunia, vulvodynia, vaginal atrophy, or following pelvic radiation therapy or surgery. They are usually used progressively — beginning with a smaller size and gradually moving to larger sizes over time — under the guidance of a healthcare professional or pelvic floor physiotherapist. Dilators are also used to help maintain vaginal capacity after gynaecological cancer treatment.

Browse our range of vaginal dilators. Read also: Vaginismus: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments and Painful Intercourse: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments for Dyspareunia.

Discharge (Vaginal Discharge)

Fluid produced by the cervix and vaginal walls that helps to keep the vagina clean, lubricated, and protected from infection.

Discharge is a normal and healthy part of vaginal function. Its consistency, colour, and volume naturally change throughout the menstrual cycle — typically clear or white, becoming stretchier and more slippery around ovulation. The amount varies between individuals. Discharge that becomes yellow, green, grey, or cottage-cheese-like in texture, or is accompanied by itching, burning, or an unpleasant odour, may indicate an infection such as bacterial vaginosis, a yeast infection, or a sexually transmitted infection and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: Vaginal Discharge: What's Normal and How it Changes?

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)

A term previously used to describe abnormal uterine bleeding without an identifiable structural or systemic cause. The more current clinical term is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB).

DUB or AUB often arises from hormonal irregularities affecting the menstrual cycle. Symptoms include irregular flow, spotting between periods, or unusually heavy bleeding. Diagnosis may involve blood tests and imaging, and treatment focuses on hormone regulation and symptom management.

See also: What is Spotting? and How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period?

Dysmenorrhoea

Painful menstrual cramps that occur before or during menstruation.

Primary dysmenorrhoea refers to common cramps without underlying conditions, while secondary dysmenorrhoea is caused by medical issues such as endometriosis, adenomyosis or fibroids. Symptoms may include lower abdominal pain, back pain, nausea and fatigue.

See our natural remedies for period pain, 8 yoga poses to alleviate period pain, and browse our pain relief range.

Dyspareunia

Pain during sexual intercourse that may be superficial or deep.

Causes can include vaginismus, pelvic floor dysfunction, endometriosis, hormonal changes, or infections. Treatment focuses on identifying the underlying cause, pelvic floor therapy, lubricants and sometimes counselling or medical interventions.

Read our blog: Painful Intercourse: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments for Dyspareunia. Browse our range of lubricants and dilators, which may support comfort and recovery.

E

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy in which the fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube.

An ectopic pregnancy cannot develop normally and can be life-threatening if the fallopian tube ruptures. Symptoms may include one-sided pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder tip pain, and dizziness. Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, fallopian tube surgery, or prior ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment, either with medication or surgery. Any severe pelvic pain, particularly with a positive pregnancy test, should be evaluated immediately by a healthcare professional.

Endometrial Hyperplasia

Thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium) due to excess oestrogen, often without progesterone balance.

This condition can cause heavy or irregular bleeding and may increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer if untreated. Treatment usually involves hormone therapy, monitoring with ultrasounds, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

Read How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? for guidance on what is considered normal flow.

Endometrioma

A type of ovarian cyst formed when endometrial tissue grows on the ovary.

Also known as "chocolate cysts" due to the old blood they contain, endometriomas can cause pelvic pain, irregular bleeding, and fertility issues. Treatment may involve monitoring, medication, or surgical removal, depending on size, symptoms and reproductive plans.

Read our blog: Endometriosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments.

Endometriosis

A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.

It can cause severe pelvic pain, heavy periods and infertility. The tissue responds to hormones like the endometrium, leading to inflammation and scarring.

Read our blog: Endometriosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments. Browse our pain relief products for symptom management support.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus.

It thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy and sheds as menstrual blood if fertilisation does not occur.

Read more about how much you bleed during your period and what the colour of your period blood means.

Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle

Physical activity affects and is affected by the menstrual cycle, with hormonal fluctuations influencing energy, strength, recovery, and motivation throughout the different phases.

During the follicular phase, rising oestrogen tends to support higher energy and better physical performance. Around ovulation, many people feel at their strongest and most motivated. The luteal phase, with higher progesterone, may be associated with reduced endurance and increased fatigue. During menstruation itself, light to moderate exercise can actually help alleviate cramps and improve mood, though intense training may need to be modified. There is no medical reason to avoid exercise during a period, and gentle movement is generally encouraged.

Read our blog: A Guide to Working Out During Your Period. Browse our menstrual cups, discs, and menstrual sponges for comfortable period care during exercise.

F

Fallopian Tubes

A pair of narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus.

Each month, a fallopian tube carries a released egg from the ovary toward the uterus. Fertilisation typically occurs within the fallopian tube. Blocked or damaged tubes can affect fertility and increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Read more in our guide to the female anatomy.

Fertile Window

The days of the menstrual cycle when pregnancy is most likely.

Typically includes the five days before ovulation and the day of ovulation itself. Sperm can survive inside the reproductive tract for several days, making this period critical for conception.

Track your fertile window with our free period tracker or explore our guide to period tracker apps.

Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)

A family planning approach in which a person tracks physical signs of fertility — such as basal body temperature, cervical mucus changes, and cycle length — to identify fertile and non-fertile days.

FAM can be used to either achieve or avoid pregnancy. When practised consistently and correctly, some methods have reasonable effectiveness rates; however, FAM requires thorough education, consistent tracking, and commitment to be reliable. It does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. FAM is not recommended as a sole contraceptive method for those who cannot risk pregnancy without professional guidance and training.

Our free period tracker can support cycle observation. See also: A Guide to Period Tracker Apps and A Guide to Contraception Options in Australia.

Uterine Fibroids

Non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the muscular wall of the uterus, made up of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue. Also known as leiomyomas or myomas.

Fibroids are extremely common — estimated to affect up to 70–80% of people with a uterus by the age of 50 — though many cause no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they may include heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, bloating, and in some cases difficulty conceiving. Fibroids vary significantly in size, from microscopic to several centimetres in diameter, and in location — submucosal fibroids (inside the uterine cavity) tend to cause the most significant bleeding. Treatment depends on symptoms, size, location, and reproductive plans, and ranges from monitoring to medication, uterine artery embolisation, or surgery. A high-capacity menstrual cup or menstrual disc may help manage heavy flow associated with fibroids.

Read: How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? and Menstrual Cups for Heavy Periods.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles.

FSH plays a key role in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, encouraging follicles to mature and produce oestrogen. FSH levels are often tested to assess ovarian reserve and reproductive health, and rise significantly during perimenopause and menopause.

Read more in our guide to the follicular phase and comprehensive guide to menopause.

Follicular Phase

The first phase of the menstrual cycle. The follicular phase begins on the first day of menstruation.

During this phase, ovarian follicles mature, and the uterine lining thickens under the influence of rising oestrogen. The follicular phase ends with ovulation and varies in length more than the luteal phase.

Track your phases with our free printable period tracker. Read also: A Comprehensive Guide to the Menstrual Cycle.

G

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM)

A collection of symptoms affecting the vagina, vulva, and urinary tract caused by declining oestrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause.

GSM — formerly referred to as vaginal atrophy or atrophic vaginitis — is a broader and more accurate term that reflects the range of tissues affected. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, burning, pain during sexual activity, urinary urgency, increased frequency of urinary tract infections, and changes to the labia and vaginal tissue. Unlike hot flushes, GSM symptoms do not improve over time without treatment and may worsen with age. Treatment options include topical oestrogen therapy, non-hormonal vaginal moisturisers and lubricants, and lifestyle modifications. GSM affects a significant proportion of postmenopausal people, yet is often underreported and undertreated.

Read our blog: Vaginal Health in Perimenopause: What to Expect. Browse our vaginal moisturisers and lubricants for symptom relief.

H

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

Menstrual bleeding that is heavier or longer than normal.

It may involve frequent product changes, passing large clots or bleeding for more than seven days. Causes include hormonal imbalances, fibroids or bleeding disorders.

Read How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? to understand what is normal. A high-capacity menstrual cup or menstrual disc can be a useful option for heavy flow. See also: Try One of These Menstrual Cups for Heavy Periods.

Hormonal Contraception

Methods of contraception that use synthetic hormones — typically oestrogen, progestogen, or both — to prevent pregnancy.

Hormonal contraception includes the combined oral contraceptive pill, the progestogen-only pill (mini-pill), hormonal IUD (such as Mirena), contraceptive implant, injectable contraception, and the hormonal patch or vaginal ring. These methods work by suppressing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching an egg, or thinning the uterine lining. Hormonal contraception can significantly affect the menstrual cycle — many methods reduce or eliminate periods entirely, while others may cause irregular spotting, particularly in the first few months of use.

Read our blog: A Guide to Contraception Options in Australia.

Hormonal Imbalance

An imbalance in reproductive hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, or testosterone affects the menstrual cycle.

It can result in irregular cycles, heavy or light bleeding, PMS, infertility, and other health issues. Diagnosis and treatment typically involve medical evaluation, lifestyle adjustments, and hormone therapy if necessary.

Read our comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle and use our free period tracker to monitor your cycle patterns.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

A common group of viruses transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. Certain strains of HPV are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers.

Most HPV infections clear on their own without causing any symptoms or health problems. However, persistent infection with high-risk strains — particularly HPV 16 and 18 — can cause changes to cervical cells that may develop into cancer if left undetected. Low-risk strains can cause genital warts. The HPV vaccine, offered in Australia as part of the National Immunisation Program, provides protection against the most common high-risk and low-risk strains. Regular cervical screening remains important even for those who have been vaccinated, as the vaccine does not protect against all strains.

Read our blog: Self-Collected Cervical Screening: Everything You Need to Know.

Hyperprolactinaemia

A condition in which the body produces abnormally high levels of prolactin, the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production.

Elevated prolactin can suppress ovulation and disrupt the menstrual cycle, leading to irregular or absent periods. Causes include pituitary tumours (prolactinomas), certain medications, thyroid disorders, and stress. Diagnosis involves a blood test, and treatment depends on the underlying cause. 

Hymen

A thin fold of mucosal tissue that partially surrounds or covers the vaginal opening.

The hymen varies significantly in shape and size between individuals and is not a reliable indicator of sexual activity or virginity. It may affect initial tampon or menstrual cup use for some people. Any persistent discomfort with internal product insertion should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: Can Menstrual Cups and Discs be Used by Virgins?

Hypertonic Pelvic Floor

A condition in which the pelvic floor muscles are excessively tight and unable to fully relax, also referred to as an overactive pelvic floor.

A hypertonic pelvic floor can cause a range of symptoms including pelvic pain, pain during sexual activity, difficulty inserting tampons or menstrual cups, incomplete bladder or bowel emptying, constipation, and lower back pain. It may be associated with conditions such as vaginismus, interstitial cystitis, vulvodynia, or endometriosis, and can also develop in response to stress, trauma, or habitual muscle tension. Counterintuitively, performing kegel exercises when the pelvic floor is already too tight can worsen symptoms. Management typically involves pelvic floor physiotherapy focused on relaxation and lengthening techniques rather than strengthening.

Read our blogs: Overactive Pelvic Floor: Hypertonicity and How to Find Relief and Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques. Browse our dilators and pelvic health range.

Hypomenorrhoea

Abnormally light menstrual bleeding during a period.

It may be caused by hormonal imbalances, stress, excessive exercise, low body weight, or certain medications. While often not harmful, persistent light periods should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to rule out underlying conditions.

Read How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? for guidance on what is considered normal flow.

Hypotonic Pelvic Floor

A condition in which the pelvic floor muscles are weak, have reduced tone, or lack the coordination to contract effectively. Also referred to as an underactive pelvic floor.

A hypotonic pelvic floor can result in symptoms such as urinary or faecal incontinence, reduced sensation during sexual activity, difficulty retaining internal menstrual products, and pelvic organ prolapse. Contributing factors include childbirth, ageing, menopause-related oestrogen decline, and a sedentary lifestyle. Unlike a hypertonic pelvic floor, treatment typically focuses on progressive pelvic floor strengthening exercises (kegels) and may be supported by the use of kegel trainers or biofeedback devices.

Read our blogs: The Pelvic Floor and a Guide to Kegel Exercises and How to Do Kegel Exercises. Browse our kegel trainers and exercisers and read our guide to choosing kegel trainers.

I

Implantation Bleeding

Light spotting that may occur when a fertilised egg attaches to the uterine lining.

Implantation bleeding is thought to occur around 6–12 days after fertilisation and is often mistaken for a light period. It typically appears as pink or brown discharge and is shorter and lighter than a regular period. Not everyone experiences it, and the evidence base for it as a distinct phenomenon is limited. If you are unsure whether bleeding is implantation bleeding or something else, consult a healthcare professional.

See also: What is Spotting? and What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean?

Infradian Rhythm

A biological cycle that lasts longer than 24 hours. In the context of menstrual health, it refers to the approximately 28-day hormonal cycle of menstruation.

Unlike the circadian rhythm — which governs daily sleep-wake cycles — the infradian rhythm operates over weeks, influencing hormones, metabolism, mood, immune function, and stress response throughout the menstrual cycle. Proponents of cycle awareness suggest that understanding this rhythm and adapting lifestyle habits to each phase can support overall wellbeing. The concept of cycle syncing is built on this framework.

Read our phase guides: The Menstrual Phase · The Follicular Phase · The Ovulatory Phase · The Luteal Phase.

Intermenstrual Bleeding

Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods and is distinct from light spotting in that it can be heavier or more prolonged.

Causes may include hormonal imbalances, cervical or uterine polyps, infections, or in rare cases, more serious conditions. Persistent intermenstrual bleeding should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional to identify and treat the underlying cause. See also: What is Spotting? Everything You Need to Know About Bleeding Between Periods.

Interstitial Cystitis / Painful Bladder Syndrome

A chronic bladder condition characterised by pelvic pain, urinary urgency, and frequency without infection.

It can significantly impact quality of life and may co-exist with other pelvic pain conditions such as endometriosis. Management includes lifestyle modifications, bladder training, medications, and pelvic floor therapy.

Read our blog: The Pelvic Floor and a Guide to Kegel Exercises. Browse our pelvic health range for supportive products.

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A small device inserted into the uterus for contraception.

IUDs can be hormonal or copper-based and prevent pregnancy by altering the uterine environment. Hormonal IUDs often cause lighter periods or no periods at all, while copper IUDs may cause heavier or more painful periods, particularly in the first few months after insertion.

If you use an IUD and are considering a menstrual cup or disc, speak with your healthcare provider first and read our blog Menstrual Cups and IUDs: Are They Compatible?

Irregular Cycles

Menstrual cycles that vary significantly in length, flow or timing.

Irregular cycles can be caused by stress, hormonal imbalances, thyroid issues, PCOS or perimenopause. Tracking symptoms and cycle patterns helps understand what is typical for each person.

Our free printable period tracker is a handy tool for monitoring your cycle over time. You may also find our guide to period tracker apps useful.

K

Kegels (Pelvic Floor Exercises)

Exercises that involve repeatedly contracting and relaxing the pelvic floor muscles to improve their strength and coordination.

Named after gynaecologist Dr Arnold Kegel, these exercises are commonly recommended to support bladder control, pelvic organ support, sexual health, and recovery after childbirth. Kegels involve identifying the pelvic floor muscles — the same ones used to stop the flow of urine — and holding a contraction for several seconds before releasing. However, kegels are not appropriate for everyone. Those with a hypertonic (too tight) pelvic floor or conditions such as vaginismus may find that kegels worsen symptoms. A pelvic floor physiotherapist can assess whether strengthening or relaxation exercises are more appropriate for your individual needs.

Read our guides: The Pelvic Floor and a Guide to Kegel Exercises and How to Do Kegel Exercises. Browse our range of kegel trainers and exercisers and read our guide to choosing kegel trainers.

L

Labia Majora and Labia Minora

The two pairs of skin folds that form part of the external female genitalia.

The labia majora are the outer folds, typically larger and covered with pubic hair after puberty. The labia minora are the inner folds, which sit closer to the vaginal and urethral openings. Both vary widely in size, shape and colour between individuals. The labia help protect the vaginal opening and are sensitive to hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle.

Read more in our blog: Is My Vagina Normal? Myths, Facts & Essential Info.

Lichen Sclerosus

A chronic inflammatory skin condition that most commonly affects the vulva and perianal area.

Symptoms include white, patchy skin that may appear thin or crinkled, along with itching, soreness, and discomfort during sexual activity or tampon use. Lichen sclerosus can occur at any age but is more common after menopause. It is managed with topical corticosteroids and regular monitoring, as untreated cases carry a small increased risk of vulvar cancer. A pH-balanced vulvar wash may help minimise irritation in sensitive skin.

Lochia / Postpartum Bleeding

Bleeding and vaginal discharge following childbirth, lasting typically 4–6 weeks.

Lochia includes blood, mucus and uterine tissue as the uterus returns to pre-pregnancy size. It progresses from bright red bleeding in the first days to a lighter pink or brown discharge, before becoming yellowish-white. Unusual bleeding, large clots, or foul odour should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: First Period After Childbirth: What to Expect. Browse our cloth pads which are a comfortable postpartum option.

Lubricant (Personal Lubricant)

A liquid or gel applied to reduce friction during sexual activity, product insertion, or intimate examinations.

Personal lubricants are available in water-based, silicone-based, oil-based, and hybrid formulations. Water-based lubricants are safe to use with silicone menstrual cups, discs, and all condom types. Silicone-based lubricants last longer but should not be used with silicone menstrual cups or silicone sex toys as they can degrade the material. Oil-based lubricants are not compatible with latex condoms. A small amount of water-based lubricant applied to the rim of a menstrual cup or the outer edge of a menstrual disc can make insertion considerably more comfortable, particularly for new users.

Browse our full range of lubricants. Read our guides: Choosing the Right Personal Lubricant and Why Adding Lube Is a Game-Changer.

Luteal Phase

The second phase of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation.

During this phase, the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to support a potential pregnancy. The luteal phase usually lasts 12–14 days. If fertilisation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. Many people experience PMS or PMDD symptoms during this phase.

Read our blog: The Luteal Phase: Balancing Preparation & Self-Care.

Luteal Phase Defect

A term used to describe a luteal phase that is shorter than normal or in which progesterone levels appear insufficient to support the uterine lining adequately.

It has been associated with difficulty conceiving and early pregnancy loss. However, luteal phase defect is a somewhat contested diagnosis in reproductive medicine and is not universally recognised as a distinct clinical condition. Symptoms may include a short cycle or spotting before menstruation. Diagnosis involves cycle tracking and hormone testing; treatment may include progesterone supplementation under medical supervision.

rack your luteal phase with our free period tracker and read more about the luteal phase.

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation.

A surge in LH levels mid-cycle causes the dominant ovarian follicle to release an egg. Ovulation predictor kits detect this LH surge to help identify the fertile window. LH levels are also tested when investigating irregular cycles, PCOS, and fertility concerns.

Read more in our guide to the ovulatory phase.

M

Menarche

The first menstrual period in a person's life. Menarche usually occurs between the ages of 11 and 15 and signals reproductive maturity. Timing can be influenced by genetics, nutrition and overall health.

Read our guide: Everything You Need to Know About Getting Your Period and our guide to talking to your child about periods. Browse our period care range for first period essentials, including reusable cloth pads and menstrual cups.

Menopause

The permanent cessation of menstrual periods which marks the end of reproductive years.

Menopause is officially diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a period. Symptoms include hot flushes, mood changes, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness and changes in bone density. The average age of menopause in Australia is around 51–52.

Read our blogs: Menopause: A Comprehensive Guide to Navigating the Transition and Vaginal Health in Perimenopause: What to Expect. Browse our lubricants and vaginal moisturisers for comfort during this transition.

Menorrhagia

Excessively heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, typically defined as soaking through a pad or tampon every hour for several consecutive hours, or bleeding that lasts longer than seven days.

Menorrhagia can lead to iron deficiency anaemia, fatigue, and significant lifestyle disruption. Causes include hormonal imbalances, fibroids, adenomyosis, or bleeding disorders. Management options include medication, hormonal therapy, or surgical procedures depending on severity and underlying cause. A high-capacity menstrual cup or menstrual disc may help manage heavy flow.

Read How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? and see our guide to menstrual cups for heavy periods.

Menstrual Cup

A reusable cup inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual blood, most commonly made from medical-grade silicone, TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), or latex.

Cups create a light suction seal with the vaginal walls to prevent leaking. They can hold more fluid than tampons or pads, are environmentally friendly, and can be worn for up to 12 hours. Medical-grade silicone is the most widely used material due to its durability and hypoallergenic properties. Those with a latex allergy should choose a silicone or TPE cup. Proper insertion and sterilisation are essential for comfort and hygiene.

Browse our range of menstrual cups. Helpful guides: Menstrual Cups Comparison Chart · How to Choose Between a Cup, Disc or Sponge · Are Menstrual Cups Safe? · How to Do a Dry Run · Lifespan of a Menstrual Cup or Disc · How to Use a Menstrual Cup · Guide to Menstrual Cup Folds

Menstrual Disc

A flexible menstrual product that sits in the vaginal fornix, behind the pubic bone, to collect menstrual fluid.

Discs sit higher in the vaginal canal than menstrual cups and do not rely on suction to stay in place. Some discs can be emptied without full removal. Some discs are disposable, while others are reusable.

Browse our range of menstrual discs. Helpful guides: Menstrual Disc Comparison Chart · How to Choose Between a Cup, Disc or Sponge · How to Do a Dry Run · Lifespan of a Menstrual Cup or Disc · How to Use a Menstrual Disc

Menstrual Sponge

A soft, absorbent product inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow, available as natural sea sponges or synthetic foam sponges.

Menstrual sponges are an alternative to tampons for those who prefer a softer, more flexible internal product. Natural sea sponges are harvested from the ocean, while synthetic sponges are manufactured from medical-grade foam. Unlike cups or discs, sponges absorb rather than collect menstrual blood. They are worn for a few hours at a time, then removed, rinsed, and reinserted. Sea sponges in particular are favoured by those who want a more natural option or who experience discomfort with rigid internal products. Sponges can also be worn during sexual activity, making them popular as a mess-free period sex option. They require careful hygiene practices and should be inspected before each use.

Browse our range of menstrual sponges. Read our blogs: Everything You Need to Know About Period Sponges, How to Use a Menstrual Sea Sponge, and Menstrual Sponges Comparison Chart.

Mittelschmerz

Pelvic pain occurring around the time of ovulation, typically felt on one side of the lower abdomen.

The term is German for "middle pain", referring to its timing at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle. Mittelschmerz is thought to result from the release of fluid or blood from the ruptured follicle, which can irritate surrounding tissue. The pain may last from a few minutes to a couple of days and varies significantly between individuals — from a mild twinge to a more noticeable ache. While generally harmless, severe or persistent mid-cycle pain should be assessed by a healthcare professional to rule out conditions such as endometriosis or ovarian cysts. Mittelschmerz can be used as a natural indicator of ovulation when tracking your cycle.

Download our free period tracker to record ovulation symptoms. Read more: The Ovulatory Phase: Embodying Fertility & Vitality.

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Oestrogen

A group of hormones that play a central role in regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive health.

Oestrogen stimulates the uterine lining to thicken during the follicular phase, influences cervical mucus production, and supports bone density and cardiovascular health. Levels rise and fall throughout the cycle and decline significantly during perimenopause and menopause.

Read more: Vaginal Health in Perimenopause: What to Expect and Menopause: A Comprehensive Guide.

Oligomenorrhoea

Infrequent menstrual periods, typically defined as cycles longer than 35 days.

It can result from hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome, stress, or extreme lifestyle changes. Tracking cycle patterns is important to assess reproductive health and fertility potential.

Use our free period tracker to monitor your cycle, or explore our guide to period tracker apps.

Ovarian Cysts

Fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary.

Most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own without treatment. Some can cause pelvic pain, bloating, irregular periods, or fertility issues. Larger or symptomatic cysts may require medical management or surgical removal. Persistent or rapidly growing cysts should always be investigated by a healthcare professional.

Read more in our guide to the female anatomy.

Ovarian Reserve

A measure of the quantity and quality of eggs remaining in the ovaries, which reflects a person's reproductive potential.

Ovarian reserve naturally declines with age and is assessed through blood tests — including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels — and antral follicle count (AFC) via ultrasound. A diminished ovarian reserve does not necessarily mean pregnancy is impossible, but it may indicate that fertility treatment could be beneficial. Factors that can affect ovarian reserve include age, genetics, smoking, certain medical conditions, and previous ovarian surgery. Testing is often recommended for those who are planning to conceive later in life or who have experienced difficulty conceiving.

Ovaries

A pair of small, almond-shaped reproductive organs located on either side of the uterus.

The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle. Each month, one ovary typically releases a mature egg during ovulation. Conditions affecting the ovaries, such as PCOS, endometriomas, or ovarian cysts, can impact hormonal balance, menstrual regularity, and fertility.

Read more in our guide to the female anatomy.

Ovulation

The release of a mature egg from an ovarian follicle, typically occurring around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle.

Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinising hormone (LH) and marks the transition from the follicular to the luteal phase. The released egg travels along the fallopian tube toward the uterus and is viable for fertilisation for approximately 12–24 hours. Signs of ovulation can include changes in cervical mucus, mild pelvic pain (mittelschmerz), and a slight rise in basal body temperature.

Track your ovulation with our free printable period tracker. Read our blog: The Ovulatory Phase: Embodying Fertility & Vitality.

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Pad (Sanitary Pad)

A product worn inside underwear to absorb menstrual blood.

Pads can be disposable or reusable, coming in a variety of lengths and absorbencies. They are designed for comfort, hygiene, and convenience. Regular changing is important to prevent irritation and infection.

Browse our cloth pads and liners for a sustainable, reusable option. Read also: How to Dispose of Cloth Pads.

Panty Liner

A thin, absorbent pad designed for light discharge, spotting, or as backup protection alongside other menstrual products.

Panty liners are thinner and less absorbent than regular pads and are not intended for heavier menstrual flow. They are available in disposable and reusable versions and can be useful during the final days of a period, around ovulation, or when using a menstrual cup or disc as added security.

Browse our reusable cloth pads and liners.

Pap Smear (Cervical Smear)

A previous cervical screening test in which cells were collected from the cervix and examined under a microscope for abnormal changes.

In Australia, the Pap smear was replaced in 2017 by the Cervical Screening Test (CST), which now tests for the presence of HPV rather than looking directly at cell changes. The CST is more sensitive at detecting the virus responsible for most cervical cancers and is recommended every five years for people aged 25–74 who have ever been sexually active. Self-collection is now also available in Australia, allowing people to collect their own sample without requiring a speculum examination.

Read our blog: Self-Collected Cervical Screening: Everything You Need to Know.

Pelvic Floor

A group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissue that support the bladder, uterus, and bowel.

These muscles control bladder and bowel function, contribute to sexual health and provide support during pregnancy and childbirth. Weak or tight pelvic floor muscles can affect menstrual product comfort and pelvic health overall.

Read our blogs: The Pelvic Floor and a Guide to Kegel Exercises and Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques. Browse our pelvic health range, including kegel trainers.

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

A condition in which the pelvic floor muscles are too weak, too tight or uncoordinated.

Symptoms may include urinary or faecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, discomfort during sexual activity and difficulty using internal menstrual products. Pelvic floor physiotherapy can significantly improve symptoms.

Read our blogs: Overactive Pelvic Floor: Hypertonicity and How to Find Relief and Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques. Browse our pelvic health range, including kegel trainers and dilators.

Pelvic Floor Physiotherapy

A specialised form of physiotherapy focused on assessing and treating conditions affecting the pelvic floor muscles, connective tissue, and surrounding structures.

A pelvic floor physiotherapist uses a combination of internal and external assessment techniques to understand how the muscles are functioning and to design an individualised treatment programme. Pelvic floor physiotherapy may involve strengthening exercises, relaxation and down-training techniques, manual therapy, biofeedback, dilator therapy, bladder retraining, and education. It is recommended for a wide range of conditions including incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, vaginismus, dyspareunia, vulvodynia, endometriosis-related pain, overactive pelvic floor, and postpartum recovery. It is suitable for people of all ages and is considered the first-line treatment for many pelvic floor conditions.

Browse our pelvic health range, including kegel trainers and dilators.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

An infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

PID is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea spreading to the upper reproductive tract. Symptoms can include pelvic pain, unusual discharge, fever, and pain during sexual activity. If left untreated, PID can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are essential.

Read our blog: Vaginal Discharge: What's Normal and How it Changes?

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)

A condition where one or more pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend into or beyond the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic floor muscles or connective tissue.

Pelvic organ prolapse symptoms may include a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the pelvis, urinary or bowel dysfunction, and discomfort during sexual activity or when using internal menstrual products. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, or surgical repair, depending on severity.

Read our blog: Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Symptoms and Treatments. Browse our prolapse sponges and kegel trainers.

Perimenopause

The transitional phase leading up to menopause, during which the ovaries gradually produce less oestrogen.

Hormone levels fluctuate, causing changes in menstrual cycles, flow, hot flushes, sleep patterns and mood. Perimenopause can last several years before periods stop completely and is confirmed retrospectively once 12 months have passed without a period.

Read our blogs: Vaginal Health in Perimenopause: What to Expect and Menopause: A Comprehensive Guide to Navigating the Transition. Browse our lubricants and vaginal moisturisers for comfort during this transition.

Perimenstrual Spotting

Light bleeding that occurs shortly before or after a period.

This is often harmless and can be caused by hormonal fluctuations, ovulation, or contraceptive use. Persistent or heavy spotting should be evaluated to rule out underlying conditions such as endometriosis or polyps.

Read: What is Spotting? Everything You Need to Know About Bleeding Between Periods and What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean?

Period

The monthly shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur.

Periods typically last 3–7 days, but flow and symptoms vary among individuals. Periods are a natural part of reproductive health and may include cramping, mood changes and fatigue.

Read our comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle and use our free printable period tracker. Browse our full period care range including menstrual cups, discs, cloth pads and menstrual sponges.

Period Poverty

Period poverty refers to a lack of access to safe, affordable menstrual products, sanitation facilities and education about menstrual health.

Period poverty affects millions globally, including in Australia, and can lead to missed school or work, reduced quality of life and increased stigma. Addressing period poverty improves health, education and equality outcomes. Reusable products such as menstrual cups, cloth pads, and menstrual discs can significantly reduce the long-term cost of period care.

Read more: Period Poverty: A Menstrual Equity Issue in the Modern World.

Period Sex

Sexual activity that takes place during menstruation.

Period sex is safe for most people and carries no medical risk beyond the usual considerations of sexual health and STI prevention. Some people experience heightened arousal during menstruation due to hormonal changes and increased pelvic blood flow, while others may find discomfort or personal preference means they prefer to avoid it. Menstrual discs are uniquely positioned among internal period products to allow mess-reduced penetrative sex during menstruation, as they sit in the vaginal fornix and leave the vaginal canal free. Towels, waterproof mattress protectors, and open communication with partners can all help manage practicalities.

Read our blog: Period Sex Tips: How to Have Mess-Free Sex During Your Period. Browse our menstrual discs and menstrual sponges for internal period products compatible with intimacy.

Period Undies or Underwear

Absorbent underwear designed to replace or supplement other period products. In Australia we commonly refer to them as period undies.

Period undies can be worn alone on lighter days or as backup with other menstrual products such as cups or discs. They are reusable and washable, offering a sustainable and comfortable alternative to disposable products. Absorbency levels vary between styles, from light panty liner equivalents to heavy overnight protection.

Read more about choosing the right period product for your needs.

Perineum

The area of tissue located between the vaginal opening and the anus.

The perineum contains muscles and connective tissue that support the pelvic floor. It can be affected by childbirth, particularly if a tear or an episiotomy occurs. Perineal health is relevant to pelvic floor recovery, pad and period underwear comfort, and postpartum care.

See also: First Period After Childbirth: What to Expect and Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques.

Pessary

A removable silicone or rubber device inserted into the vagina to provide structural support for pelvic organs that have prolapsed or weakened.

Pessaries are a non-surgical treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse and, in some cases, stress urinary incontinence. They come in many shapes and sizes — including ring, cube, and shelf designs — and are fitted by a healthcare professional to suit the individual's anatomy and degree of prolapse. A pessary can provide significant symptom relief, particularly for those who are not candidates for surgery or who wish to defer surgical repair. They require regular removal, cleaning, and healthcare review. Using a pessary does not prevent further pelvic floor physiotherapy or other management strategies.

Read our blog: Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Symptoms and Treatments. Browse our pelvic health range.

pH-Balanced Wash

A gentle, soap-free cleanser formulated to match the natural acidic pH of the vulva.

The vagina maintains a naturally acidic environment with a pH of approximately 3.8–4.5, which supports the growth of protective bacteria and helps guard against infections. Regular soaps and douches can disrupt this balance, potentially leading to irritation, bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections. A pH-balanced wash is intended for external vulvar cleansing only — the vagina is self-cleaning and does not require internal washing.

Read our blog: Is Douching Healthy for Your Vagina? Browse our pH-balanced washes.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A common hormonal disorder affecting the ovaries, characterised by irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and the presence of multiple small follicles on the ovaries.

Symptoms may include irregular or absent periods, excess facial or body hair, acne, weight changes, and fertility challenges. PCOS is diagnosed through clinical evaluation, blood tests, and ultrasound. Long-term management focuses on lifestyle adjustments, symptom treatment, and monitoring for associated health risks such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Track your cycles with our free period tracker or explore our guide to period tracker apps.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A severe form of premenstrual syndrome characterised by intense emotional and physical symptoms that significantly disrupt daily life in the luteal phase of the cycle.

PMDD symptoms may include severe mood swings, depression, anxiety, irritability, fatigue and physical discomfort such as bloating or breast tenderness. Symptoms resolve shortly after menstruation begins. Unlike PMS, PMDD is a recognised clinical condition that affects a smaller percentage of menstruating individuals but can substantially impact quality of life. Management often involves a combination of lifestyle interventions, therapy, and sometimes medical treatments under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). See also: The Luteal Phase: Balancing Preparation & Self-Care and our pain relief and natural support products.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A collection of physical, emotional and behavioural symptoms that occur in the days or weeks before menstruation, resolving once the period begins.

PMS can include bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, headaches and food cravings. Symptoms vary in intensity and may interfere with daily activities. Tracking cycles and symptoms can help identify patterns and guide management strategies such as lifestyle adjustments, diet, exercise and stress reduction.

Read our blog: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). See also: 7 Signs Your Period May Be Coming, Teas That Alleviate PMS Symptoms, Foods to Relieve PMS, and our natural support products.

Progesterone

A hormone produced primarily by the corpus luteum after ovulation that prepares and maintains the uterine lining during the luteal phase.

Progesterone supports the endometrium for potential implantation of a fertilised egg and helps sustain early pregnancy. If fertilisation does not occur, progesterone levels drop, triggering menstruation. Low progesterone can contribute to irregular cycles, premenstrual symptoms, and difficulties conceiving. Progesterone is also used in hormonal contraception and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).

Read more in our guide to the luteal phase and comprehensive guide to the menstrual cycle.

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Rectocele (Rectal Prolapse into the Vagina)

A type of pelvic organ prolapse in which the front wall of the rectum bulges into the back wall of the vagina.

A rectocele develops when the supportive tissue between the rectum and vagina weakens, often following childbirth, heavy lifting, chronic constipation, or menopause-related tissue changes. Symptoms can include difficulty emptying the bowel completely, a sensation of something bulging at the vaginal opening, pelvic pressure or heaviness, and discomfort during sexual activity. Small rectoceles may not cause any symptoms and do not require treatment. More significant rectoceles may be managed with pelvic floor physiotherapy, bowel habit modifications, or in some cases, surgical repair.

Read our blog: Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Symptoms and Treatments. Browse our kegel trainers and pelvic health range.

Retroverted Uterus

A uterus that tilts backwards toward the spine rather than forward toward the bladder. Also called a tipped or tilted uterus.

This is a common anatomical variation, occurring in approximately 20–30% of people, and usually does not cause problems. It may affect comfort during menstruation, sexual activity, or when using internal menstrual products such as cups or discs.

Read our blog on Tilted Uterus: Types, Causes and Treatments for more information. Our cup vs disc vs sponge guide can help you choose the most comfortable product for your anatomy.

Reusable Pads

Cloth pads designed to be washed and reused in place of disposable sanitary pads.

They are an environmentally friendly alternative to disposable pads and come in multiple sizes and absorbencies. Proper care, including rinsing in cold water, washing, and thorough drying, ensures hygiene and long product life.

Read our blog: How to Dispose of Cloth Pads. Browse our range of reusable cloth pads and liners.

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Silicone vs TPE Menstrual Cups

The two most common body-safe materials used in the manufacture of reusable menstrual cups.

Medical-grade silicone is the most widely used material, valued for its durability, heat resistance, and hypoallergenic properties. It can be sterilised by boiling. TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) is a softer, more flexible alternative that may suit those with silicone sensitivities, though it cannot always withstand boiling and may have a shorter lifespan. Both materials are body-safe when manufactured to medical-grade standards. Always check manufacturer guidelines for care and sterilisation.

Browse our menstrual cups and sterilisers. See also: Cup and Disc Steriliser Comparison Chart and Are Menstrual Cups Safe?

Spotting

Light bleeding that occurs outside of the regular menstrual period.

Spotting can be caused by hormonal changes, ovulation, contraception, stress or medical conditions. It is typically lighter and shorter than normal menstrual flow and may appear as pink, red, or brown discharge.

Read our blog: What is Spotting? Everything You Need to Know About Bleeding Between Periods. See also: What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean?

Steriliser (Menstrual Cup and Disc Steriliser)

A device or method used to eliminate bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms from reusable menstrual products between cycles.

Menstrual cups and discs should be sterilised at the start and end of each menstrual cycle to maintain hygiene. The most common sterilisation methods include boiling in water for 5–10 minutes, using a dedicated microwave steriliser, or using sterilising tablets or solution. Between emptying during a cycle, cups and discs should be rinsed with clean water and can be washed with a mild, fragrance-free soap. Not all cups and discs can withstand boiling — always check manufacturer guidelines. Browse our range of cup and disc sterilisers.

Read our blog: Cup and Disc Steriliser Comparison Chart and Are Menstrual Cups Safe? What the Science Says.

Suction Seal

The light seal created by a menstrual cup against the vaginal walls which helps prevent leaks.

Proper positioning, cup size, and insertion technique are essential to achieving and maintaining the seal. A secure seal makes menstrual cups more comfortable and leak-resistant. If leaking occurs, repositioning the cup or trying a different size or shape may help.

Read our troubleshooting guides: Why is My Menstrual Cup Leaking?, What to Do If Your Menstrual Cup is Hurting, and Troubleshooting Tips: What to Try If You Can't Get Your Cup to Open.

Swimming on Your Period

It is completely safe to swim during menstruation. Water pressure temporarily reduces menstrual flow while submerged, and there is no medical reason to avoid swimming during a period.

Internal menstrual products are recommended for swimming, as external products such as pads absorb water and become ineffective. Menstrual cups, menstrual discs, menstrual sponges, and tampons are all suitable options for swimming. Cups, discs, and sponges can be worn for longer periods and are particularly well-suited to extended time in the water.

Read our blog: A Complete Guide to Swimming on Your Period.

Synthetic Menstrual Products

Period products made from non-natural or synthetic materials, including most conventional disposable pads and tampons.

Some contain plastics, dyes, or fragrances which can irritate sensitive skin. These products are convenient but generate significant waste compared to reusable alternatives. Organic or natural fibre disposable options are also available for those seeking to reduce exposure to synthetic materials.

Read: Toxic Metals Found in All Tampons Tested. Browse our sustainable alternatives: menstrual cups, discs, cloth pads and menstrual sponges.

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Tampon

A small, absorbent product inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual blood, available with or without an applicator.

Tampons come in a range of absorbencies and must be changed every 4–8 hours to reduce the risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Using the lowest absorbency appropriate for your flow is recommended. Those with a history of TSS should seek medical advice before using tampons.

Read: Toxic Metals Found in All Tampons Tested and Tampon Sizes: Which One is Right for You? For reusable internal alternatives, browse our menstrual cups, discs, and menstrual sponges.

Thrush (Vaginal Candidiasis)

The common Australian term for a vaginal yeast infection caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans.

Thrush is extremely common and is not a sexually transmitted infection, though sexual activity can sometimes trigger or transmit it. Symptoms include intense itching, a burning sensation, redness and swelling of the vulva, and a thick, white, cottage-cheese-like discharge that typically does not have a strong odour (which distinguishes it from bacterial vaginosis). Thrush can be triggered by antibiotics, pregnancy, hormonal changes, diabetes, or a weakened immune system. It is treated with antifungal cream, pessaries, or oral medication, most of which are available over the counter at a pharmacy. Recurrent thrush (four or more episodes per year) should be investigated by a healthcare professional. Using a pH-balanced wash and avoiding tight, synthetic underwear can help reduce the likelihood of recurrence.

See also: Vaginal Discharge: What's Normal and How it Changes?

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A rare but potentially life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria, historically associated with tampon use.

Symptoms include sudden high fever, rash resembling sunburn, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, and a rapid drop in blood pressure. TSS requires immediate medical attention. Risk is reduced by changing tampons regularly, using the lowest effective absorbency, and never leaving a tampon in for more than eight hours. TSS can also, rarely, be associated with menstrual cups if proper hygiene is not maintained.

Read our blogs: Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) and Are Menstrual Cups Safe? What the Science Says. Browse our cup and disc sterilisers to maintain proper hygiene.

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Urinary Incontinence (Light Bladder Leakage)

The involuntary leakage of urine, which can range from occasional small leaks during physical activity to a complete inability to hold urine.

The most common types are stress urinary incontinence (leakage triggered by coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise) and urge incontinence (a sudden, intense urge to urinate that is difficult to control). Both types are far more common than many people realise and are not an inevitable or permanent part of ageing or childbirth. Pelvic floor physiotherapy is considered the first-line treatment and is highly effective. Kegel exercises, bladder training, and lifestyle changes can significantly improve or resolve symptoms.

Browse our kegel trainers and exercisers. Read our blog: Experiencing Light Bladder Leakage (LBL)? Here's What To Do.

Uterine Fibroids

Non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue.

Fibroids are very common and often cause no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include heavy or prolonged periods, pelvic pain or pressure, and in some cases, fertility challenges. Fibroids vary in size and number, and treatment ranges from monitoring to medication or surgery, depending on symptoms and reproductive goals.

See also: How Much Do You Bleed During Your Period? and Menstrual Cups for Heavy Periods.

Uterus

A hollow, muscular organ in the female reproductive system, also known as the womb.

The uterus houses and nourishes a developing pregnancy. If fertilisation does not occur, its inner lining (the endometrium) sheds during menstruation. The uterus can be affected by conditions such as fibroids, endometriosis, adenomyosis, and polyps, all of which can influence menstrual health.

Read our blogs: A Guide to the Female Anatomy and How the Uterus Changes Size Throughout the Menstrual Cycle.

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Vagina

The muscular canal connecting the cervix to the external genitalia.

It serves as the passage for menstrual flow, sexual activity, and childbirth. The vagina is self-cleaning and maintains a naturally acidic pH to support healthy bacteria and protect against infection. Vaginal health can be affected by hormonal changes, hygiene practices, and pelvic floor strength.

Read our blog: Is My Vagina Normal? Myths, Facts & Essential Info. Browse our pH-balanced washes and vaginal moisturisers.

Vaginal Atrophy

Thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls caused by reduced oestrogen levels, most commonly occurring during and after menopause.

Vaginal atrophy is now more commonly referred to as part of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM), which encompasses a broader range of related symptoms. Changes to vaginal tissue can cause dryness, itching, burning, pain during sexual activity, and increased susceptibility to infections. Treatment options include topical oestrogen therapy, non-hormonal vaginal moisturisers, and water-based lubricants for immediate comfort.

Browse our vaginal moisturisers and lubricants. Read our blog: Vaginal Health in Perimenopause: What to Expect and our guide to How to Deal With Vaginal Dryness.

Vaginal Dryness

Insufficient natural lubrication of the vaginal walls, causing discomfort, irritation, or pain during sexual activity or everyday life.

Vaginal dryness is most commonly associated with declining oestrogen during perimenopause and menopause, but can also occur during breastfeeding, as a result of certain medications (including antihistamines, antidepressants, and some contraceptives), after cancer treatment, or simply due to insufficient arousal. It is a common and treatable condition that is often underreported. Solutions include water-based or silicone-based lubricants for immediate relief during sexual activity, regular use of vaginal moisturisers to improve tissue hydration over time, and in some cases topical or systemic oestrogen therapy.

Browse our lubricants and vaginal moisturisers. Read our blog: How to Deal With Vaginal Dryness.

Vaginal Fornix

The recessed space that surrounds the cervix at the top of the vaginal canal.

The vaginal fornix is divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral sections. Menstrual discs are designed to sit in this space, tucked behind the pubic bone, which allows them to sit higher than menstrual cups and collect fluid without a suction seal.

Read more: Menstrual Disc Comparison Chart and Cups vs. Discs: A Buyers Guide on How to Choose.

Vaginal Moisturiser

A non-hormonal topical product applied regularly to the vaginal tissue to improve moisture levels and restore comfort over time.

Unlike lubricants, which provide immediate but temporary slipperiness for sexual activity or product insertion, vaginal moisturisers are designed to be used regularly — typically two to three times per week — to hydrate vaginal tissue and maintain its health over the longer term. They are particularly beneficial for people experiencing vaginal dryness related to perimenopause, menopause, breastfeeding, or cancer treatment. Vaginal moisturisers are available over the counter and do not require a prescription. They should be pH-balanced and free from irritating ingredients such as glycerine, fragrances, and parabens.

Browse our range of vaginal moisturisers. Read our blog: How to Deal With Vaginal Dryness.

Vaginismus

A condition in which the muscles of the vaginal wall involuntarily contract, making penetration painful, difficult, or impossible.

Vaginismus can affect sexual activity and the use of tampons, menstrual cups, or discs. It may be triggered by physical factors, anxiety, past trauma, or a combination of causes. Treatment typically involves pelvic floor physiotherapy, psychological support, relaxation techniques, and gradual desensitisation exercises.

Read our blog: Vaginismus: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments. See also: Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques. Browse our dilators and pelvic health range.

Vulva

The collective term for the external female genitalia, including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening.

The vulva protects internal reproductive structures and contains sensitive nerve endings. Vulvar health depends on gentle hygiene, moisture balance, and avoiding irritants such as fragranced products or harsh soaps.

Read our blog: Is My Vagina Normal? Myths, Facts & Essential Info. Browse our pH-balanced vulvar washes.

Vulvodynia

Chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva lasting three months or more, without an identifiable cause such as infection or skin condition.

Symptoms may include burning, stinging, rawness, or aching and can affect sexual activity, tampon or cup use, and everyday comfort. Management often involves a multidisciplinary approach including topical treatments, pelvic floor physiotherapy, psychological support, and lifestyle modifications.

See also: Pelvic Floor Relaxation Techniques and Painful Intercourse: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments for Dyspareunia. Browse our lubricants and dilators, which may be recommended as part of a management plan.

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Water-Based Lubricant

A lubricant made primarily from water that is safe to use with silicone menstrual cups, menstrual discs, and condoms.

It reduces friction during product insertion, making the process more comfortable. Water-based lubricants are non-staining, easy to wash off, and do not degrade silicone the way oil-based lubricants can. A small amount applied to the rim of a menstrual cup can make insertion easier, particularly for first-time users.

Browse our range of lubricants and read our guides: Choosing the Right Personal Lubricant and Why Adding Lube Is a Game-Changer.

Withdrawal Bleeding

Bleeding that occurs as a result of a drop in hormone levels when taking a break from or stopping hormonal contraception.

Withdrawal bleeding resembles a period in appearance but is not driven by a natural ovulatory cycle. It is usually lighter and shorter than a typical period. When hormonal contraception is used continuously without a break, withdrawal bleeding may not occur at all.

Read What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean? for guidance on different types of bleeding. See also our guide to contraception options in Australia.

Y

Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)

A common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, most often Candida albicans, in the vagina.

Symptoms include itching, burning, redness, and a thick white discharge. Yeast infections can be triggered by antibiotics, hormonal changes, high sugar intake, or disruption to vaginal pH. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication available over the counter or by prescription. Recurrent infections should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Read our blog: Vaginal Discharge: What's Normal and How it Changes? Using a pH-balanced wash can help maintain a healthy vaginal environment.

Z

Zinc Oxide Barrier Cream

A protective topical cream used to prevent irritation, chafing, or moisture-related skin breakdown around the vulva or perineal area.

Zinc oxide forms a physical barrier on the skin, protecting it from prolonged contact with moisture from pads, reusable products, or postpartum discharge. It is commonly used in postpartum recovery and by those experiencing irritation from extended pad or period underwear use.

See also: First Period After Childbirth: What to Expect. Browse our cleaning and care range for vulvar care products.